Learning lessons from Chernobyl disaster and looking into nuclear energy types - nuclear is a sustainable energy source - Scotland also generally a stable country also Nicola Sturgeon mother-like figure suffered a miscarriage and represents cares for everyone, certainly her Government took time to issue many responses
SNP Scottish National Party planning a conference in Aberdeen.
Important to build a new nuclear power plant to safeguard and secure sustainable electricity generation and supply in the decades ahead. The Scottish Government have earmarked the area around St Fittick's Park for an energy centre, but there is disturbed land or Earth where a football stadium was going to be built at Kingsford. Multiple sites open up choices and options for consideration and debate.
Capitalist house builder Stewart Milne and former football chairman really fought hard for a football stadium at Kingsford - the result was the land was been disturbed, significant land has been disturbed, construction works started but then stopped abruptly with no forward looking vision in the future for future development - the site looks ugly and Aberdeen City Council plan on a new football stadium at the beach. New pharmacy in the plans for opposite Macdonalds Drive-thru at Westhill where sheep graze. Developments happen in towns and cities all the time.
On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power station to generate electricity for a power grid, the Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant, was built commenced operations in Obninsk, in the Soviet Union also known then as the USSR with 15 member states nowadays - the USSR broke up and Boris Yeltsin was the last President.
Building a nuclear power plant requires specialist staff with the right skills mainly engineers also knowledge transfer is an important part of the process - also important to share current workflows which may be ongoing - also BBC News Online use of multiple related news stories connected to a single story at the end of articles is actually implemented by Content Management Systems and usually PHP is involved to embed separate PHP pages into ordinary web pages using a PHP include. Related and linked stories actually enable more efficient analysis with the view to synthesising (bringing ideas from different separate stories together with the view to referencing works to corroborate assertions). There are likely current staff at Dunreay nuclear facility that know how to manage a nuclear plant - they may be able to advise on how to build a new nuclear power station.
Please do not look to this website as an authority on how to build a new nuclear power plant or facility. The author of this website accepts no responibilites for any loss of life in connection with the building of a new nuclear power plant. Information provided is to be interpreted with caution and carefully considered judiciously - actually this seems to be a disclaimer but actually any loss of life is disconcerting and alarming. Safety in the building and maintenance of a nuclear power plant is important also paramount.
The International Atomic Energy Agency or IAEA - https://www.iaea.org/services/networks
Elements in the periodic table have numbers linked to atoms - the periodic table can contain many elements with zinc, gold known as au, also hydrogen is atomic number one with an atomic mass of 1008. Atomic number 2 two is Helium with an Atomic Mass of 4.0026. Atomic number 3 three is Lithium with an atomic mass of 6.94 - Lithium the stuff of mobile batteries and laptop batteries.
The fourth atomic number known as 4 is Beryllium with an atomic mass of 9.0122. Helium powers rocket ships and lithium the main mobile batteries also the batterie of EV electric cars which store a positive charge in DC or Direct Current. DC charging refers to batteries - Alternating Current enters homes in Scotland, so AC to DC conversion goes on from a power outlet to a battery such as the battery for an electric bike. Electric vehicle charging also electric bikes and understanding the mechanisms will be important in future to keep people moving around on the ground, vital for movement of goods, food stuffs and for carers to help also more vulnerable persons.
At numbers 27, 28 and 29 in the periodic table there is Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni) and Copper (Cu) - these are all rare Earth minerals. Traditional telephony cables in homes are made from copper - fibre optic light-guided cables seek to replace the rare Earth minerals this emphasis speed upgrades and investments in high speed networks. Number 88 in the atomic table is Radium (Ra).
Most uses of radium have been replaced by other radioactive materials or radiation generating devices. However, radium is still being used today in certain applications, such as industrial radiography.
How nuclear power gets distributed - The same commercial power grid carries electricity from nuclear and fossil-fuel plants as well as renewable sources. A series of power distribution lines carries the electricity from the sources to the end users, including homes, commercial customers, government and industry.
The Chernobyl reactors, called RBMKs, were high-powered reactors that used graphite to help maintain the chain reaction and cooled the reactor cores with water. When the accident occurred the Soviet Union was using 17 RBMKs and Lithuania was using two. The Soviet Union was on the go when Chernobyl was built and that was a rainbow of nations.
The Soviet Union comprised - In the decades after it was established, the Russian-dominated Soviet Union grew into one of the world's most powerful and influential states and eventually encompassed 15 republics - Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Latvia. Latvia is in the North actually and borders the Baltic sea also the Nord stream 2 gas pipeline which links Russia and Germany - on 1 January 2014 Latvia converted to the Euro but the unit of currency in Latvia was the Lat.
The break up of the Soviet Union also known as the United Socialist Soviet Republic does actually place more emphasis on co-operation, but obviously there is a very violent war raging between Russia and Ukraine. Ukraine was a former member of the Soviet Union also known as the USSR.
In the English-speaking world, the Soviet Union was also informally called Russia and its citizens Russians, although that was technically incorrect since Russia was only one of the republics of the USSR.
Nuclear power station types mainly used around the world
- Pressurised water reactor - USA, France EDF energy 70 percent of country nuclear energy, Japan, Russia, China, South Korea - water moderator
- Boiling water reactor - USA, Japan, Sweden - water
- Pressurised heavy water reactor - Canada, India 7 seven nuclear powrer stations - heavy water
- Advanced gas-cooled reactor - United Kingdom using graphite, graphite issues with control rods during Chernobyl disaster important to learn from mistakes when building a new nuclear power plant
Lessons from Ukraine conflict is that Ukraine has more than one nuclear plant beyond the one from the 1980s disaster known as Chernobyl - 6th August 2022 Zaporizhzhia: Real risk of nuclear disaster in Ukraine - watchdog
7th March 2022 Ukraine war: Chernobyl workers' 12-day ordeal under Russian guard this story highlights how workers at the nuclear facility Chernobyl actually were needed essential specialist staff - https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60638949
From Wikipedia - Main cause of Chernobyl accident or meltdown - important to learn lessons from disasters
From Wikipedia - The accident occurred during a safety test meant to measure the ability of the steam turbine to power the emergency feedwater pumps of an RBMK-type nuclear reactor in the event of a simultaneous loss of external power and major coolant leak.
Also from Wikipedia - disecting the main issues surrounding Chernobyl explosion
Also from Wikipedia - In an attempt to restore the power level specified by the test program, the operators removed a number of control rods which exceeded limits set by the operating procedures. Upon test completion, the operators triggered a reactor shutdown.
Also from Wikipedia - Due to a design flaw, this action resulted in localized increases in reactivity within the reactor (i.e., positive scram).
Also from Wikipedia nuclear plants involve sophisticated computing systems with feedback loops - This resulted in rupture of fuel channels, leading to a rapid decrease in pressure which caused the coolant to flash to steam. This decreased neutron absorption, leading to an increase in reactor activity, which further increased coolant temperatures (a positive feedback loop). This process resulted in steam explosions and melting of the reactor core.
Chernobyl disaster experienced issues with the design of control rods - There was a significant flaw in the design of the control rods. The reactor core was 7 metres (23 ft) high. The upper half of the rod 7 metres (23 ft) was boron carbide, which absorbs neutrons and thereby slows the reaction.
Chernobyl disaster control rods - The bottom section of each control rod was a 4.5 meter graphite displacer, which prevented the channels from filling with water when rods were withdrawn. The flaw lay in the 1.25 metres (4.1 ft) gap between the bottom of the graphite displacer and the bottom of the reactor, meaning that the lowest portion of control rod channel was filled with water and not graphite.
Chernobyl disaster control rods - With this design, when the rods were inserted from the fully retracted position to stop the reaction on the AZ-5 signal, the graphite displaced neutron-absorbing water, causing fewer neutrons to be absorbed and increasing reactivity.
Chernobyl disaster control rods - For the first 11 to 14 seconds of rod deployment until the boron was in position, reactor power across the floor of the reactor could increase, rather than decreas. This feature of control rod operation was counter-intuitive and not known to the reactor operators.