Sizewell C Suffolk new nuclear reactor was planned to be signed off by Boris Johnson outgoing Prime Minister - How to calculate the solubility of oxygen in water, Henry's Law also Raoult's Law and the five factors that affect solubility

From the Guardian Explainer Who will fund Sizewell C nuclear plant and when will it be built? https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/31/who-will-fund-sizewell-c-nuclear-plant-when-will-it-be-built-explainer

Issues around funding for new Suffolk nuclear power plant and also uncertainty about when it will be built.

Crowd funding likely out of the question since who wants a nuclear power plant on their doorstep? So funding must come from national governments or energy companies - nuclear power and the cost of it is going down as reported previously by BBC News might not be lucrative to energy companies but customers could gain value for money. Energy companies often look for profit, so national governments must take the lead on new nuclear power plants for securing Britain's energy supply in the future and helping create a source of energy that is sustainable.

What is Sizewell C?

From Guardian News - The power station is planned to sit alongside the existing Sizewell B nuclear reactor on the Suffolk coast. When complete, it is estimated the 3.2 gigawatt plant will be capable of generating electricity for 6m homes for up to 60 years. Sizewell C is expected to plug a gap in Britain’s nuclear capabilities - most UK plants will be shut by 2030. Sizewell B is due to close in 2035, although its lifetime may be extended.

Nuclear power plants can last for 60 years and all UK nuclear power plants shutting off by 2030, but a new nuclear reactor could be built in the next five years by 2027 at Aberdeen Torry Battery if the Scottish government approves it with planning oversight. In Scotland, the Scottish government has jurisdiction for planning laws and they can block infrastructure projects planned by the UK government over planning issues.

The Dounreay site was opened in 1955 to develop fast reactors. Three reactors were built on the site, the Dounreay Fast Reactor (DFR), Prototype Fast Reactor (PFR) and the Dounreay Materials Test Reactor (DMTR).

Dounreay nuclear plant is still shutting down after 67 years not completely shut down yet - in Ukraine there is still fighting around Chernobyl which blew up during the 1980s on 26th April 1986.

Chernobyl disaster on Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster

When Chernobyl blew up it was in the Soviet Union but it split up into several member states, so tension and fighting goes on between Russia and Ukraine and Russia has control of the annexed Crimea island into the surrounding sea and navel coastal area for naval defence to host aircraft to fly over head above Ukraine and launch drones for reconnaissance assuming the war is still going on.

Dunreay might still be shutting down but Aberdeen has sea har and cool mist often rolls in from the North Sea during winter mornings and Scotland has a temperate climate or a modest climate with a stable land mass. Really a new nuclear power plant at Torry Battery in Aberdeen as the Scottish government's new energy centre for Aberdeen is a good idea considering global warming and against the backdrop of rising temperatures.

From researchgate.net - Chloromethane in a microreactor guarantees high heat transfer rates and a low hold‐up of the reagent. As a proof of concept, the reaction of chloromethane with the secondary amine morpholine in aqueous solution is investigated.

By applying elevated pressures, a liquid‐liquid system with enhanced solubility of chloromethane in the aqueous phase is accessible.

High heat transfer linked to Chloromethane and nuclear reactors involve intense heat.

Important to consider nuclear physics also nuclear fission in the design of a nuclear reactor.

Chloromethane Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid and here is the formula for building a high heat transfer reactor involving Chloromethane - T = 243 to 303 K. Cp reported at 20°C = 1.598 J/g*K and at 30°C = 1.632 J/g*K.

Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. Chloromethane is used to make other chemicals and as a herbicide.

Henry's law constant water solution - k°H = Henry's law constant for solubility in water at 298.15 K (mol/(kg*bar))

What is solubility state and explain Henry's Law?

The law states that, the. solubility of a gas in liquid at constant temperature is proportional to the pressure of. the gas above the solution. f S is the solubility of the gas in mol dm−3, then according to Henry's law, S ∝ P i.e. S = KP.

Henry's law of solubility - The relationship of gas solubility to pressure is described by Henry's law, named after English chemist William Henry (1774-1836). Henry's Law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.

Solubility is defined as the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature. Solubility is a characteristic property of a specific solute–solvent combination, and different substances have greatly differing solubilities.

Solutes are classified as highly soluble, sparingly soluble, or insoluble based on the concentration at which they dissolve in a solvent. It is stated to be soluble if a concentration of 0.1 g or more of a solute can be dissolved in a 100ml solvent.

How do you solve for Henry's law constant?

Henry's law shows that the concentration of a solute gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the solution. P = KHC where:P is the partial pressure of the gas above the solution.KH is the Henry's law constant for the solution.

According to Henry's law, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to pressure of gas. Thus, the value of Henry's constant increases with the increase in temperature.

Henry's constant increases with an increase in the temperature. Therefore, the solubility of the gas decreases. Increasing the pressure increases the solubility and increase in temperature decreases the solubility of the gas in the liquid.

How to calculate the solubility of oxygen in water?

Oxygen dissolved in the Water at atmospheric pressure can be calculated as:

1. co = (1 atm) 0.21 / (756.7 atm/(mol/litre)) (31.9988 g/mol) = 0.0089 g/litre. ~ 0.0089 g/kg.

2. cn = (1 atm) 0.79 / (1600 atm/(mol/litre)) (28.0134 g/mol) = 0.0138 g/litre. ~ 0.0138 g/kg.

3. ca = (0.0089 g/litre) + (0.0138 g/litre) = 0.0227 g/litre.

It is important to keep in mind that Henry's law constants are highly dependent on temperature, since both vapor pressure and solubility are also temperature dependent.

The ideal-dilute solution is a true solution that is sufficiently diluted to obey Henry's law for each solution. The ideal solutions are those at both concentrations and temperatures that follow Raoult's Law.

What is the percentage of o2 oxygen and hto water required?

The percentage of an element in a compound is 100 times the fraction, so for water the mass percent hydrogen is 11.11 percent and the mass percent oxygen is 88.89 percent.

All ideal solutions obey Raoult's Law. An ideal-dilute solution is a true solution that is diluted sufficiently to obey the law of Henry for each solvent.

Ideal solution follows Raoult's law, as it takes the same energy for solvent molecules to move away from its surface as the pure solvent does, and the force of attraction between the solute-solute and solvent-solvent is the same as that between the solute-solvent in the solution.

National Institute of Standards and Technology - NIST Chemistry WebBook Chloromethane

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C74873&Mask=1A8F

Five factors that affect solubility